The last major activity in Halema`uma`u was in 1967- 1968, with shorter activity in 1981. These eruptions deposited ash, cinders and stones in the nearby area, including the region of the southwest rift zone. Some Hawaiians believe lava is the physical representation of the fire goddess Pele, making the volcano summit sacred.

Hawaiians believe Pele migrated to Hawaii from her home in the South Pacific. When she arrived in Hawaii she traveled down the island chain from Kauai to Hawaii stopping at each island testing the ground for a new home. This story does seem to indicate that Hawaiians recognized the fact that the geological ages of the islands are older from Kauai to Hawaii, the youngest island. Pele finally settles on Kilauea where she is found today.

Pele is perhaps the most visible goddess of the all of the gods and goddesses in Hawaiian mythology. Here at Halema`uma`u her presence is felt everywhere. She is the great destroyer and at once the great creator in the tension between rain, land, forest, and sea. Indeed the name Halema`uma`u means “house of the aumau fern”. This fern represents one incarnation of the god Lono also known as Kama`pua`a. In Hawaii, the clouds and storms are associated with Lono. The signs of Lono are thunder, lightening, earthquake, the dark cloud, the rainbow, rain, wind, whirlwinds that sweep the earth, waterspouts, the clustering clouds of heaven, and gushing springs on the mountains. Lono brings the rains and dispenses fertility, is the god of harvest. Here is acknowledgment of the tension between creation and destruction which the ancient Hawaiians were so familiar with and which persists today.

Hawaiians had the idea that the Earth they lived on was the shell of a giant turtle or honu. In fact the Hawaiian word for Earth is “honua”. The profile great volcano Mauna Loa viewed from the view point at Hale`ma`uma`u resembles a large turtle shell. The slopes of Mauna Loa rise gently. It is this gentleness that distinguishes Hawaiian volcanoes from those found elsewhere along the Pacific “ring of fire”. Volcanoes such as Mt. St. Helens and Mt. Rainier in Washington State or Mt. Mayon and Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines are known as strato-volcanoes or composite volcanoes. They are built from successive powerful explosive events, are cone shaped, and steep sided. In Hawaii the volcanoes are built up from successive lava flow on lava flow giving them their distinctive gentle turtle backed or shield shape. But here at Halema`uma`u is the origin of the great steam or phreatic eruptions of Kilauea.

Two powerful steam, or phreatic eruptions are known to have occurred at Halema`uma`u in historic times; one occurring in 1790 and the last to occur on May 10, 1924. These explosive eruptions occur when groundwater enters the magma system following rapid drainage of magma from the summit reservoir. The magma drains below the water table and the water flows over the magma resulting in massive explosion with towering ash clouds. The 1790 eruption is famous in Hawaiian times. It occurred as the Chief of the Ka`u district, Keaua, was moving his army across the summit of Kilauea to oppose the rising power of Chief Kamehameha. His army was trapped in the explosive rock and choking sand ash. These ash clouds were reported to be visible from the other side of the island at the village of Kawaihae. From these reports the ash column created by this eruption is estimated to have been some thirty thousand feet high. Ash deposits thirty feet thick stretching for twelve miles out from their source are documented. In this tremendous storm over nearly one hundred of Keaua’s Hawaiian warriors were killed. Hawaiians call this event “keonehelelei”, “the falling sands.” Evidence of this can still be seen today southwest of Halema`uma`u, in the “foot prints” area of the Park. Here the footprints of Hawaiian warriors can still be found petrified in the ash. There are two levels of foot prints in the ash, one set from those which were killed and another set from those which came to remove the bodies for burial.

Geologists have found evidence for numerous explosive eruptions at Kilauea Volcano in the more distant past but the most recent was that of May 10, 1924. Explosions from Halema`uma`u began on this date and last for a period of eighteen days. Explosions tossed rocks weighing as much as eight tons as far as 0.6 miles from the crater. Many of these are still visible southwest of Crater Rim Drive. Unlike the hapless Hawaii army caught in the 1790 eruption only one individual was killed in 1924, a Mr. Taylor, who approached too close to the crater during one of its eruptions. Again, as in 1790, an ash column some six thousand feet high rose above Halema`uma`u. On this occasion Thomas Jagger and his crew were able to document the eruption. They found that at the beginning of the eruption Halema’uma’u Crater was an oval pit about 1,740 feet across, with a lava pond about 165 feet below the rim. At the end of the 1924 series of explosive eruptions, Halema’uma’u was about 3,150 feet across and 1,300 feet deep. The other difference from 1790 was that that 1924 eruption was apparently quite the tourist attraction. Old photos show crowds of people viewing the ash column across Kilauea caldera from the Volcano House. These explosive events are not frequent. Perhaps hundreds of years pass between each event. In Jaggar’s day, fifty years before and after, Halema`uma`u was primarily a lava lake sometimes glowing so brightly that that you could read a newspaper out of doors without any additional lighting. This intense glow can also be seen hundreds of miles out to sea and was thought to act as a beacon for early Polynesian navigators. Indeed, Hawaii Island is thought to be the first island early Polynesians arrived at. Today Halema`uma`u is about three thousand feet across, three hundred feet deep, and quiescent. Here it is common to see a large long-tailed white bird flying about. This is the white-tailed tropic bird, known locally as Koa’e or crater bird. It feeds at sea, but nests in the crater wall.

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Ta Prohm was originally called Rajavihara, which means Royal Temple. It was built by King Jayavarman VII in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. He was the most prolific builder of all the Angkor Kings, which is quite a distinction when one considers the number of temples erected during the Empire’s golden age. The majority of the sites on the Little Circuit were constructed during his reign.

Jayavarman VII’s rose to power as one of the Empire’s greatest generals. Prior to his ascension to the throne, Angkor was sacked by the Chams, another empire based in present day Vietnam and one of the primary rivals of the Khmer Empire. When the neighboring Chams overthrew the Empire and killed the King, Jayavarman VII led the effort to recapture the Empire. Jayavarman VII vanquished the Chams in 1181 and made his claim to the throne. He ascended the throne after this successful campaign, preserving the Khmer Empire while establishing his rule. Then, Jayavarman VII boldly established Mahayana Buddhism as the state religion. His first wife was a devoted Buddhist and is thought to have largely influenced his decision. While it is cynical to question the religious convictions of Jayavarman VII, it should be noted that his decision also had some significant political benefits as well. His move to make Mahayana Buddhism the state religion effectively removed power from the Hindu aristocracy, who were his primary rivals within the empire. It should be noted that he didn’t outlaw Hinduism, but his change reduced much of the power afforded to his rivals through the Hindu caste system. One province in the south rebelled against this decision, but the rebellion was quickly suppressed. Jayavarman VII effectively consolidated power and became the primary shaper of Angkor.

The relationships between Hinduism and the various sects of Buddhism are quite complicated. Hinduism is the elder religion, and in fact, the Buddha began as a Hindu. He saw the suffering caused by excess and searched for a solution. Initially he believed the suffering could be relieved through an ascetic life of self-denial, but he later came to believe that such a life was a dead end and that there was another way. In the Buddhist philosophy, the end of suffering is not achieved by the denial of desires, but rather by the freedom from attachments that cause desire. To achieve this freedom, he developed the Four Noble Truths and established the Eightfold Path, which guides followers down what is called The Middle Way, as it lies between hedonism and asceticism. Since Buddhism’s roots lie in Hinduism, many stories and traditions are shared between the two. Since Buddhism is rooted in Hindu beliefs, you will see a lot of similar imagery between temples dedicated to the different faiths.

Buddhism has split since the time of the Buddha, with the primary division being between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism. Most of modern day Southeast Asia including the people of Cambodia practice the form of Buddhism known as Theravada, which is often translated as meaning “The Ancient Teaching” and is the older of the two religions. King Jayavarman VII was a proponent of Mahayana Buddhism, which translates as “Great Vehicle”. Tibetan Buddhism and Zen Buddhism are sects of Mahayana Buddhism that are well known in the West. The proponents of Mahayana Buddhism see it as holding greater insights into the Buddha’s Dharma, or great truth.

As Ta Prohm was built during a time when Mahayana Buddhism was the state religion, the primary deity of the temple is different than most other Angkor temples. The temple is dedicated to Prajnaparamita, which is not actually a deity per se, but rather a Mahayana scripture dedicated to the perfection of wisdom. The scriptures rest on two primary tenets. The first states that one should be a bodhisattva, or Buddha-to-be. A bodhisattva strives to attain total knowledge for the sake of all beings. The second tenet is that there is no such thing as a bodhisattva. The true acceptance of these contradictory tenets is the perfection of wisdom.

A stele is a carved stone column that commemorates important events. Discovery of a temple’s stele is often integral to piecing together its true history. The stele found in Ta Prohm dates the construction of the temple to 1186 and claims that the temple was home to over 12,500 people, including 18 high priests and 650 dancers. More than 80,000 people lived outside the temple grounds. Jayavarman VII established the temple as a Mahayana monastery and university, which further explains why the temple is dedicated to the Prajnaparamita, the scriptures of wisdom. The representation of the Prajnaparamita in the temple was modeled after Jayavarman VII’s mother, and the temple is also meant to honor her. Satellite temples on the ground were dedicated to Jayavarman VII’s guru and his older brother, and another nearby temple, Preah Khan, honors his father. His father’s image is used to represent Avalokitshvara, the primary deity of that temple, who is the bodhisattva of compassion.
Though his building campaign undoubtedly required much effort from his people to serve as laborers, his focus as king was on his people. Most of his early constructions were hospitals, rest houses, and reservoirs. His later buildings were the ones dedicated to his family and himself. Led by his Buddhist faith, his goal as king was to relieve the suffering of his people.

The primary archaeological organization that has been responsible for untangling the mysteries of the temples of Angkor is the Ecole Francaise d’Extreme Orient, more commonly referred to as the EFEO. This French institute is devoted to the study of Asian cultures. Founded in 1900. it conducted its first studies in Saigon. Angkor Wat quickly became one of its focuses and has remained so ever since, although with a conspicuous gap. The organization began extensively restoring temples in the early 20th century. Since most had been completely abandoned for hundreds of years at that point, restoration often meant wrestling the temples from the clutches of the jungle. But the condition of Ta Prohm was deemed too beautiful to change. It was decided that Ta Prohm would be left in its current state, as a “concession for the general taste for the picturesque.”

Ironically, much restoration has been undertaken to preserve this appearance of neglect. In recent years, the ongoing labor has become more intrusive. While a few spots are less picturesque as a result, the only other option is waiting for the walls to crumble, and possibly the grand trees to fall with them. The architecture of the Khmers, while quite impressive, has not stood the test of time as well as other comparable architectural traditions. Their buildings have fallen prey to two main flaws. First, the Khmers sometimes did not stagger their blocks. Where the edges lined up, whole walls could be toppled by structural movements caused by shifting sands or gigantic tree roots. Also, the Khmers never developed a true arch. They used a false-arch technique known as corbelling. Large stones were stacked reaching successively inwards until they touched. This false arch was much heavier and not as stable as a true arch and resulted in many collapses.

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